What Is Man? and Other Essays

Mark Twain's "What Is Man? and Other Essays," a compilation from the late 1800s, delves into fundamental questions surrounding human nature, ethical principles, and the forces that mold our thinking and conduct. A dialogue between an older and younger man initiates the collection, centering on a debate about whether humans are essentially machines controlled by external factors. This leads to a discussion on the concepts of individual merit and free will. This initial exchange establishes the foundation for Twain's examination of existential themes and the idea of humans as mechanistic beings. The Old Man posits that individuals don't generate thoughts or actions autonomously but are instead products of their environment and experiences, comparing humanity to intricate machines rather than independent thinkers. He explores the roots of virtues and opinions, contending that every impulse, regardless of its apparent nobility or selfishness, ultimately serves to satisfy one's own internal needs. This presents a challenging concept that encourages readers to contemplate the true nature of their motivations and the fundamental meaning of human existence.